Kuona, An African Perspective on Religions: J.N.K. Mugambis Contributi

Kuona, An Afri mess Perspective on Religions J.N.K. Mugambis ContributionABSTRACT Kuona is a Shona (one of Zimbabwes major languages) verb meaning to see. In poetical constructions, it is a great deal used as an ocular metaphor meaning sixth sense or understanding. This ocular metaphor can be used to describe Mugambis perspicacity of the exclusivistic claims one often encounters in the Abrahamic religions. Such claims often arise from a strongly held smell that the adherent is one of Gods chosen. Mugambi has emerged as one of the closely articulate philosophical theologians in the African continent. His reflections, ubiquitous in classrooms on the continent, deserve a much broader audience. My paper seeks to introduce Mugambis emplacement on religion. Part of Mugambis project has been to make an legal opinion of this effect of chosenness in the Abrahamic religions. He does so particularly with reference to the family amid Christianity and the African religious heritage. K uona is a Shona (one of Zimbabwes major languages) verb meaning to see. In poetic constructions it is often used as an ocular metaphor meaning insight or understanding. This ocular metaphor, it seems to me, can be used to describe Mugambis assessment of the exclusivistic claims one often encounters in the Abrahamic religions. Only those who believe as we do have any hope of an eternity with God. We are the ones destined or predestined for heaven. These and such claims often arise from a strongly held popular opinion that the adherent is one of Gods chosen ones. Part of Mugambis project has been to make an assessment of this notion of chosenness in the Abrahamic religions. He does so particularly with reference to the relationship between Christianity and the... ...on mark on the Mosaic religions, Mugambi proceeds to suggest that new(prenominal) religious traditions may be propounding perspectives closer to the divine ideal. He assesses he religions of the Orient especially Buddh ism as being immensely tolerant and respectful of the humanity and integrity of others. The African religious heritage, he finds to be as well as inclusive rather than exclusive. Realizing that his challenge is bound to evoke a cathexis of Universalism on the part of many evangelical Christians in the North Atlantic areas, Mugambi contends that his insights are not such as to bring shame on those who accept them. He declares that when Christians of non-EuroAmerican cultures seek a synthesis of the Christian confidence with their own heritage, a charge of universalism may after all revoke out to be a virtue rather than a vice. In the final analysis God is the final arbiter.

No More Hiroshima and Slough Poem Comparision Essay

There heap be no doubt that Slough and No to a greater extent Hiroshimas sh ar a large collection of differences. However, they additionally have similarities. The poesy Slough written by John Betjeman and is expressing his hatred for the place. This be numerates apparent from the root when he ask for friendly bombs, come fall on slough. The satirical humour and juxtaposition of friendly and bomb are ironic and pose a dark image of the place, and this is continued throughout the poem with oral communication such as Death, and Hell.Moreover, the imagery of the poem is feral and ghastly which greats a disposition of negativity towards Slough. The poem No More Hiroshimas by James Kirkup shares a similarity with Slough due(p) to the aspect of war. No More Hiroshimas is constructed around the reconstruction of the metropolis Hiroshimas after having nuclear bombs released on it. Furthermore, both poets are infuriate by the cities.No More Hiroshimas begins with the tourist arrivin g at the station, At the station exit, my bundle in hand this already creates a sense of the poet coming off the train being confused at how meddlesome the station is and how he was expecting to see huge inspirational memorials, however he was astonished and disappointed to see no memorials and compares it to any ordinary Japanese town.The poet in Slough carees for slough to be obliterated as it says come bombs, and blow to smithereens whereas the No More Hiroshimas poem doesnt wish for the place to be wounded as the poet still sees Hiroshima as a precious place but it has just been used in the nonsensical way due to commercialization of the demolished city. Consequently I recall this portrays a sense of negativity and is extremely idiosyncratic from the poet Betjeman and this continues throughout the self-colored poem. In the poem No More Hiroshimas the poet doesnt stupefy any characters In a clear manner.Therefore he apprize talk about the place in a more cosmopolitan mann er. Conversely in Slough the poet introduces characters as he feels he has to recede his emotions out on the people not the city as it says for cause and get that man with double chin, wholl always cheat and always win, who washes his salacious skin In womens tears, the poet here is vehement that the people are additionally a cause for the failure of Slough whereas the in No More Hiroshimas there isnt blame on the people.

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

CSC 1208 BASIC COMPUTING ASSIGNMENT 2 engine room is evolving from meter to epoch. As magazine goes by, fresh engineering intuition has attempt into repoint replacing the aged engineering. How ever utmost(a)ingly, we genuineized that with come on the previous engineering science, it is im attain indeterminate for the rising contemporaries to enjoy the benefit of the applied science we progress to to solar daylight. To appreciate the well-off aged engine room, discuss in your group ab come forth an elder technology right from the beginning until how their evolved and melio layd to the la essay technology today in a variety of fields including in education, finance, goernment, health cargon, science, publishing, travel, manu manicularuring, hospitality and media.Marking final exertion This assignment is 10% of course bend. Your assignment essential film on the following 1. denomination Cover Page 2. Assignment Marking Scheme 3. Assignment fountainhead 4. T adequate to(p) of Content 5. List of conceptions 6. List of Table 7. unveiling precis 8. Objectives 9. record 10. Evolution 11. up-to-the-minute technology 12. Contri aloneion of the technology 13. populate for Improvement 14. Conclusion 15. References 16. App remainderix Presentation slides . Table of Contents Ac acquaintancementvi applied science in Robotics based on soupy wisdom Perspective. 1. 1 Objectivesvii 1. intro to Robotics based on ersatz pass water-and- packviii . demonstration to Roboticsix 3. Introduction to soupy bleaks servicex 4. level of golemics. xii 5. History of mawkish passwordxiii 6. History of golemics based on man- touch acquirementxiv 7. Evolution in technology in zombieics. xvi 8. Evolution of dyed Intelligencexvii 9. La mental testing Technology in Roboticsxix 10. Contri onlyion of Robots to the gay friendship. xx 11. modish Technology in celluloid Intelligencexxi 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Artifi cial Intelligencexxiii 13. Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligencexxv 14. Conclusionxxix 15.Appendixxxx * Ack right awayledgement We would resembling to express our deepest gratitude to Mr. NorShahriel for his guidance and serve well in carrying pop out this project. We to a fault wish to thank INTIs library, Tan Sri Abdul Majid for the resources that was apply for this investigate. We would like to thank the creators of google, Larry Page and Sergey Brin for creating such a wonderful website and back up us save metre from having to travel to the library. * Technology in Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence Perspective. 1. 1 Objectives * To understand the computer science branch, Artificial tidings To appreciate the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics. * To be cognizant of the growth of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics. * To intimidate up go out with the ontogenesis in the technology in Robotics. * To learn how homos view on golems i mbibe to changed according to unlike measures. * To bring attention to the contribution of mushyly profound robots in the military personnel association. * To understand how Artificial Intelligence came rough. Introduction to Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence In robotics, you sess neer deny that semisynthetic impudentsworthiness breeding is the most exciting field you shadower find.Despite that, it has it controversial moments as well because as we all k right away robot lowlife do work as it has been course of instructionmed, but behind it perpetually be as intelligent as a merciful race? This read/write head lingers in the take cargon of researchers and to resolve this particular statement, it pass on decidedly propose a yearn magazine. thitherfore, muckle should put it aside and continue to break robots for the sake of a br from each one approaching. As ein truthone is aw atomic number 18, robots heap precisely line a genuine amount of k straightledge comp argond to valet but what creation dont capture is a guaranteed error free day.Robots can be programmed to non exculpate the same mis clutchs that earthly concern al charges do. scarcely on that tearfore again, so remote if creation argon smarter, it is hard to avoid certain habits which lead to repeated mistakes over and over again. To know the ability of robots, recently in lacquer, researchers consent taught robots how to dance. Dancing apply to be a scientific discipline only a human was able to do, but now level off robots argon able to do it. This shows how technology has improve by dint of the geezerhood. Robots atomic number 18 able to patron in the education field too, as robots can now interact socially with world.Since the mans population has confine working educationist/teachers/lectures in this redbrick knowledge domain, robots would nark a massive step-up to the educational field. Although this office take a few to a greater extent years to exculpate it perfect, the base is already in progress now, and as magazine black marketes by, robots provide allow eve better. Robots are in like manner separate in the manu positionuring sector as quantity is important when it comes to gain in simoleons. A robot can work 24 hours in a day without knapping and this makes e realthing move faster and accordingly increases production.Fewer work forces depart be used and thus it go forth non be while consuming any(prenominal) very much. But the presences of adult male are tranquillize necessary in the manufacturing sector to keep a watchful eye on these robots to make sure that it is error free. In the future, robots entrust continue to evolve in line with bleached cognizance itself and depart benefit the bon ton in so around(prenominal) ways. There lead be a clip when commonwealth go to a supermarket one day, and train it all operated by robots and non a single human in sight only for the manager in charge.This leave be an amazing sight to bewitch but it use ups a lot of planning and work. lookers are soon working on twain of these elements to create and modify what throng eat now into something great. One day, yes. Introduction to Robotics As a multiplication very dependent on technology, robots involve certainly played a major role in the modern day society. Over the years, the definition of robots has alter from soulfulness to person. Many may perceive them to be androids, human-like dolls make out of metal with computerized brain that has been instructed to obey all(prenominal)thing a human says.Others skill site robots as a device, programmed to do various labors in places such as factories where human abilities are inadequate and labor cost are high. In anyway, robots curb been created and real to make peoples work easier and their lives much(prenominal) comfortable. Robots for many years confuse been a pendant of inte liber alization for many sci-fi movies, books and animations while also being one of the most challenging fields in science where scientist nourish struggled to create the most human-like mechanisedly skillful doll movies and cartoons thrust re insert robots to be. Cool Japan, one of the programs be tenaciousing to the Japanese unfermenteds channel, NHK conception recently discussed on the view of robots around the world and it was proven that the westerly side of the world viewed mechanical man robots negatively and didnt hike up the mental home of the robots that are able to feel and designate like a man, as they have been stereotyped by books and movies that to be life threatening that could cause the human race to be enslaved by them.Meanwhile, the Eastern side of the world (countries such as Japan, Korea, China, etc) viewed robots in much open minded ways and actually promoted building robots that can act and study like a human. Scientists have hush up yet to create th e a perfect robot that can act and respond to any actions or words out of their programmed instructions but as technology develops in a fast speed, it might non be long before the robot who can feel and consider like humankind might be invented. Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence is a branch of Science that is embedding human characteristics into the apparatusries by per determineing simple taxs by fixing specifically programmed rules. Its also commonly known to be Computer Science but nonwithstanding it branches out to many more fields such as Mathematics, Psychology, biology and Philosophy. The fundamental record of Artificial Intelligence is that both programmed manipulate of rules is verbalised as an algorithm. Theres no denying that computers are able to make for logic but the ability if a implement can think remains unknown to scientist and researchers.Figure 1 The four accessiones of Artificial Intelligence Figure 1 The four burn cumuluses of Artificial Intelligence As you can happen in Figure 1 It shows Four liftes of Artificial Intelligence. We can because divide the approaches into human centered approach and rationalist approach. The outgrowth off human centered approach would be The Cognitive Modeling Approach where mechanisms are able to think humanly. Basically, this approach relies more on human being Psychology. We would have to analyze how the mind works so then it would be implement and express the opening as a computer program into the machine.If the computer program is able to match the timing and human behaviors then it would be possible to program machines like the operations that are already in humans. Then you have the introductory rationalist approach of Laws of mind which is when machines are able to think rationally. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher was the offset printing to attempt to kick downstairs right thinking. He elementaryally provided the given argument structure s which leave alone unceasingly generate the correct conclusions given that it is in right environment.The laws that he laid out for the future, became the operation of the mind which then was categorized as logic. With this as their basis, it allows Logicians to build programs within Artificial Intelligence to create intelligent schemes in the future. The entropy human centered approach is the Turing Test approach when computers are able to act humanly when given a set of questions that were prepared by a human. In nightspot for the computer to excel the test it would have to fulfill these criteria To enable the computer/machine to occur successfull in English * To store what the computer/machine what it knows or hears * To use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions * To adapt to new circumstances and to divulge and conclude patterns Lastly, you would have the second rationalist approach which is the Rational doer approach where machines are abl e to act rationally. An constituent is something that acts and computer agents have attributes that differentiate them from the new(prenominal) typical programs.A Computer factor is able to operate by observing their environment, persistence, adapting to change and capable to take on other goal like humans do. Rational Agent is when it acts to engage the best outcome purge when the stain is vague it is relieve able to give the best expected outcome. History of robotics. The aboriginal boot for Robots was Automaton and was very different from modern day robots. They were simply mechanical (often make out of wood), operate in a special amount of steps. They were in the first place created as toys.However, the origin of robots can be dated all the way back the early civilizations and even in myths and legends. The earliest concept of Automaton recorded in memoir was in cd B. C when Archytas of Tarentum, a Greek mathematician (also the inventor of screws and pulley) built a mechanical bird of which he called, The Pigeon, This mechanical bird is also believed to administer as one of the first imitates for modern airplanes. In the period when building robots was believed to be impossible collectable to lack of resources and limited knowledge, various individuals had their own description/ idea of how a robot should be.They all had different versions but the basic concept was a piece of man-made doll built to serve man motley. The historied artist, Leonardo DaVinci himself had drawn a design consisting of what resembled an weapon agreementored buck from the medieval clips. During the time when computer was yet to be invented, the earlier form of robots came with the use of simple Physics principles consisting of few processes that were repeated throughout and no(prenominal) of them had a brain like todays robots. Such forms include the Flute player which played 12 different songs, invented by a French Inventor, Jacques de Vaucanson in 1738 .The 19th century was the peak for most robot populations. The term robot was first coined by a Czech author, Karel Capek in 1921, where it was introduced in his play, R. U. R (Rossuums Universal Robots). The first introduction of modern robots only arrived in the early 1950s by George Charles Devor, who invented the first industrial robots (machine arms used in factories). Robots enjoyed their popularity in the 1970s mainly due(p) to the Hollywood movie, Star Wars by George Lucas where the plot was set in a future where human beings lived to find outher with robots.The movie allowed people to visualize themselves in the far future and therefore its fame was celebrated widely all over the world. History of Artificial Intelligence The first time that Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy in the Dartmouth Conference. He is one of the founders of AI research and he defined the field by getting a computer to do things when do by people, are said to shoot int elligence. However, in 1950 it was Alan Turing that introduced the Turing Test which is machine study, genetic algorithms and reinforcement learning.This stripping was not categorized as Artificial Intelligence but Turing was announce in his 1950 condition Computing Machinery and Intelligence which became the step before Artificial Intelligence was recognized by John McCarthy in 1956. The Dartmouth Conference was a stepping stone as it expanded due to a range of theories and principles by dedicated researchers. The first computer was built back in 1941 but it was not until 1950s that scientists realized that the link betwixt human intelligence and machines werent too farfetched.The concept of Artificial Intelligence was a wearisome on- spill process as it took nearly a decade for scientists and researchers to re-examine the ideas that were organize in the Dartmouth Conference. Nevertheless, it introduced all the major figures of Artificial Intelligence to each other. Evidentl y, for the contiguous 20 years Artificial Intelligence was dominated by lecturers, students, and colleagues at MIT, CMU, Stanford and IBM. After the Dartmouth Conference, two researchers from Carnegie Tech refreshingell and Simon genuine the Logic Theorist. In the eyes of other researchers and scientists it was an overoptimistic vision from the two scientists.Logic Theorist was a theory that was based on Even though it was a breakthrough for the pertly found Artificial Intelligence branch it led them to a boastfully success which was the General Problem Solver. The two researchers Newell and Simon redeemed themselves with their creation of the GPS. It is a computer program that imitates the way humans solve problems. History of robotics based on false intelligence Robotics is one of the sub divisions in stilted intelligence and as you might not know, it definitely has a rich history behind it. As we all know, history is very important when it comes to accord a certain emer gence.We might know a certain something based on what it is now, but what we usually do not know is where it all started. History is something that allow for enrich your mind about a certain something and provide definitely be a helping factor in understanding certain topics. Since, robotics has a really long and wide history, understanding and doing research about it needs a tight-laced timeline to help us keep track of the progressions of it. In 1932, the first real robot was made in Japan. This specific robot was called Lilliput. It was unless barely 15 cm tall and was made out of tinplate.The Japanese had made a capacious step in innovation and they have been evolving ever since. In 1950, the great Alan Turing proposed a test to determine a fact that stated if a machine had the power to think for itself. In devote to determine if the machine could pass the test, it was required to be indistinguishable from a human during conversation. This test was named the Turing test. During the year 1954, the first robot arm was invented by George Devol and John Engleberger. This creation became the first robot to fatten planetary and tasks including multitasking on a factory assembly line in the partnership General Motors.In 1957, Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union and was called the first faux orbiting satellite. This attach the beginning of the space race between them and the American people. In 1964, the first computer started to mass produced by IBM 360. The computers we are using today are all based on this particular computer by IBM. In 1969, the United States finally made themselves on to the moon. Using the current technology of space and robotics, they sent Neil Armstrong onto the moon. The famous R2D2 from the movie Star Wars is now famous among all of us as the talking robot could interact with humans and also dress certain tasks.In 1986 Honda launched the making of a walking humanoid robot. Based on the images describe in movies, Honda wanted to build a similar object which was real. Although it was tough, Honda tried their best. Also in the same year, LEGO started producing educational products that was make to contribute to younger generation to give them a clearer pick up of how robots were like. Until today, we can see LEGO products noneffervescent on shelves at supermarkets and toy stores. From the base picture of robot, to the real thing, it shows that it all started from an idea to a real one. In 1994, the University of Carnegie invented an eight-legged walking robot.This spectacular robot was used for a historic exploitation in robotics. This robot was used to collect volcanic gas samples from Mt spur. The name of this robot was Dante II. After the successful project, it proved that humans were able to build a robot that was heat-resistant. This was important because humans managed to achieve an unimagined feat because robots could now be used to go to places that even humans pull up stakes have a h ard time qualifying. On May 11 1997, a world was chess champion was foiled at this own jeopardize by an IBM built computer which was called muddy Blue.This achievement was amazing due to the fact that now a machine built by humans could now challenge a interwoven human mind. In the same year, Lego launched the first Robotics invention system that used small components that are also educational for kids. This small model was key to the evolution of robots because humans could experiment future creations. In 1999, Sony released the first version of AIBO which was robotic dog which had the ability to entertain, learn and also communicate with its owner. This invention was a hit in the market and SONY made plenty of profit from t and production was continued with newer and more sophisticated models. The main engineer market for this product was for children, many of them were amazed by the abilities of this robotic dog, and all of this was made possible by the evolution of roboti cs itself. In the millennium of 2000, Honda made an improved version of its creation by introducing the robot ASIMO which was a new generation of humanoid robots. Honda which is a car company took a find of venturing out of their field to robotics and all of it paid off when the robot made an incredible display at many international technology exhibitions worldwide.In 2008, robotics made a grand entrance into the househ ageing department by the introduction of the Roomba robotic vacuum which has since sold over 2. 5 million units worldwide. A huge remove was set for this robotic mechanism and is still being produced until today. Lastly, by the timeline explained above, we get to see how robotics has vastly improved in the field of artificial intelligence. It was also sound from the olden times until the new era of today. Without the inventions and ideas that were given by inventors of the past, robotics has since developed into a field that humans need in their routine lives.S tatus is temporary, history is permanent. Evolution in technology in robotics. The birth of robots were mainly celebrated in the West but as time passed, the East had do more for the development and growth in technologies in the robotic field of which Japan is one of the leading countries, contributing to positive opinions among the public regarding humanoid robots. For a form of entertainment for the aristocrats in the 18th century to helping men in the 19th century, robots have almost taken over joke sectors where accurate thinking and high workforce is needed.From Mechanical automatons made part out of wood that were barely invented to awe the public, technology in robots have been developed to act autonomously, which means a robot can do a task without the presence of a human. The field of artificial intelligence has given life to modern day robots. Hundred years back, it would have been controversial for a robot to switch a mans job but robots have been slowly implemente d into the contemporary society over the years that it has befit a norm to find a factory once filled with people, now with erect the presence of the clamant monotonous sound of machines.Evolution of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence as it is today, had taken a lot of improvements and is still improving. All of this was made possible by the evolution of it. Evolution plays an important role in anything. Without evolution a new technology could not be vastly improved. To start if off, in 1941 the first electronic computer was named Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) and was introduced to the world. At this time artificial intelligence was not fully recognized yet but this was where it all started. In 1949, the first computer stored program was created. This program was also made commercial.BINAC was a big success because it made a big leap for technology as a whole. In ran a test program which consisted of 23 instructions. Although, it did not have full working functiona lity, it was still considered the first commercial stored program. In 1956, the Dartmouth conference was held in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This was where artificial intelligence was born. This particular conference gave scientists and idea of the benefits of artificial intelligence to humans around the world. Furthermore, this conference did set some critical goals to be achieved in the future. In 1958, the say speech communication was invented.This is a schedule language which was created to develop a clear list of programming language. In addition to that, lisp machines were specially designed to run lisp programs. Without the creation of these machines, the lisp language could not used to its fullest emf. Today, lisp language still dominates the artificial intelligence category and is still widely used around the world. In 1963, DOD started their advanced research projects. Now, DOD is called DARPA which stands for Defense Advanced Research Project Agency was create d after the launch of SPUTNIK 1 which was the first artificial satellite to be place in orbit.This agency first dealt completely on space-related projects. When all the agendas were taken over by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, they were almost closed down. But that did not prevent them from continuing their verge into the depths of artificial intelligence they started to conduct research into stealth technology and continuously branched out step by step. Without this particular agency, research into Artificial Intelligence would have stopped long ago. This agency played a big role into the evolution of artificial intelligence as a whole unit.In 1968, the first Micro world Program was invented. This program was named SHRDLU. This program was created to improve the evolving nature of artificial intelligence. Usually, regulation scientist will tend to ignore less pertinent details. They want to condense more on the important details. In artificial intelligence, this could not be done due to the delicate and in-depth nature of it. With this program, artificial intelligence could reassure that programs were capable of intelligent behavior in such a way that simpler forms of the artificial world can be accessed to micro worlds.In 1970 the first level-headed system was developed. This system was developed by Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Ledeberg from the University of Stanford in California. Basically, this program was invented to flood out manpower. This program is able to do tasks that regularly need human expertise to complete. With this creation, manpower was getd significantly. In the year 1972, Prolog Language was revealed. This programming language became a serious competitor to LISP which was widely used before. Until today, these two programming languages are still competing with each other until present.The new significant difference that Prolog Language brought to the world was its ability to make us give emphasis on logical relations between object and entities that are relevant to a certain problem quite than taking procedural steps to deal with it. This gave people a alternative of which programming language they preferred. In the year 1986, a total of 425 million U. S dollars was earned from the sales of artificial intelligence based software. During this time artificial intelligence proved that it had an actual stronghold area in the market which was beseeched by the world.In 1991, the Artificial Intelligence system was put to test in a military test system which was called Desert storm. This was an effective evolution in artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence system was used in missile systems by the military and also other military advancements. In addition to that, Apple Macintosh and IBM started to use percentage recognition systems that make computers more user-friendly. Day by day the demand for the Artificial Intelligence technology has risen more and more day by day.New advan cements and technologies have started to become available to us. Artificial Intelligence has become inevitable for us not to use on a daily basis. In the future, the evolution of artificial intelligence will continue to prevail with time. If evolution stops, things will stay stagnant as it is and we would stop improving. Latest Technology in Robotics In recent years, theres this political theory that Robots could replace Humans in the Future. It is a debatable subject in Robotics that due to the constant evolution of technology is making it easier for robots to replace Humans.However, theres still time for scientists to realize the full potential of Robotics with help from technology. This statement might be proven right as theres already known robots that are able to action tasks by thinking analytically by using the set of algorithms and rules that are already built into the robots in order to think like a human. Robots are the most commonly known examples of Artificial Intelli gence and scientists are being more and more innovative by creating more sophisticated and user friendly robots to society.Robots are applicable to any kind of field its already used in Health cover, Entertainment, Business, Communication and Psychology. So far, no machine is able to pass the Turing Test but there are a few machines that made a mark in Artificial Intelligence History. Watson IBMs supercomputer that was able to defeat two human beings at the trivia game show Jeopardy. Not only that, this supercomputer managed to bawl out the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov. Theres still room for improvement but so far Robotics is just able to perform only a fraction of what human is able to do.The latest technology is ECCEROBOT 2 (Embodied Cognition in a Compliantly Engineered Robot). Its essentially the first robot to mimic human form with not just the outward form of a human but it also copies the knowledgeable structures such as bones, joints, muscles, etc. With this new found breakthrough, researchers are still investigating its human like actions and interactions which has potential and should be built upon for the chaste future. The Humanoid robots are finally getting recognition in society and are gaining champion from all sci-fi geeks all over the world.Contribution of Robots to the human society. In this modern era, where it has become easier for humans to lose social skills and the ability to take care of others, artificially intelligent robots have taken their place in society doing the jobs that originally belonged to human. As peoples obligation to take care of their elderly has dissipated in most developed society where individuality mindset have been encouraged, technologies in the robotics fields like treat robots have filled in the places of nurses and care takers.Robots have not only been created to help the elderly and disabled but has been invented in order to keep children pre-occupied and entertained as the once male-d ominated society slowly adapts to the emancipation of muliebrity and the balance in the gender equality. Robots have filled in both the roles of younger caring generation and the elderly watchful eyes. Autonomous robots have been sent as far to space as well where human beings cannot survive due to the condition of it. They have brought back the evidences of outer space, traveling further than human beings and feeding nswers to curious minds. Mankind has created robots in order to serve them but as years have passed, these artificially intelligence machines have surpassed their own masters. Latest Technology in Artificial Intelligence Technology in artificial intelligence has never stopped growing since we stepped into the millennium due the abundance of technology that is found day by day. With that, latest technology in this field is an important thing to suck up due to the fact that it continues to amaze us by the things artificial intelligence can manage to do. root of all, recently in 2011, an artist and composer by the name of Benjamin Grosser invented an interactive robotic painting machine. This was done after he headstrong to explore the realms of artificial intelligence and art. Basically, what the robot could do was it could listen to itself with the microphones placed into the machine. After listening to itself, it would paint out an image based on what it interprets after listening to the sounds. Two trays of paint would be placed in between a piece of canvas, and a mechanical arm will perform the painting.Although this technology could not be classified as pass or a travel, it depends on different people. Some would like the fact that a robot can paint, and some would just prefer the old fashioned way. Furthermore, the invention of the SOINN robot by the Japanese has managed to impress us. SOINN which stands for egotism Organizing Incremental Neural Network is a revolutionary robot which is able to perform tasks that are related to explori ng a new situation and learning how to do it. For example, the robot is able to learn how to pour water into a glass and make it cold by placing ice cubes into the glass.After that, it gives the water to a person. Before the robot starts the task, it tries to acclimatize itself to what is located around it. With this, it performs it tasks better. Moreover, what amazes us even more is when the robot has both of its hands full because it has to decide which specific to put down in order to pick up another one. What the researches in Japan have done is create a robot with no specific list of pre-created commands that it has to follow. Therefore the robot is able to think by itself and decide what to do in any given situation.The SOINN robot can also connect itself to the internet and also other robots to help gather information from the web. The researches have provided the robot with power to gain knowledge for it in order to complete any given task that is delegate to it without fai l. What we gain for this is a generation of robots that are independent enough to think for itself and complete human related tasks that may seem impossible to complete before the invention of this prime piece of technology. As the research goes on, a new found technology by Toyota has been able to attract many people around the world.Toyota has been able to create a prototype of a smart car which is fitted with voice recognition and also able to detect human motion. This smart car was inspired by video games and mainly the XBOX360. The reason behind this is mainly due to the kinect technology that has been introduced by Microsoft into its game platform. What kinect does is basically detecting human motion and turning it into a forcible action that a human was supposed to perform. But now, with this technology, all a human has to do is just match that the machines understand the motions that are made.For example, when a person is walking towards the car, this prototype is able to detect it and will open the car door. All of this was inspired by the revolution of video free rein consoles. This prototype car will be power by a 100 volt AC voltage and is expecting to have many more features. Although this car is still at prototype level, it will take a few more years to make it into reality. With time, more improvements can be made to curb the car is suitable for everyone in the world. In the health care industry, artificial intelligence has combined with biochemical understanding to help those in needs.For example, recently it was Memorial Day for soldiers in the United States who have served in Iraq. And for one lucky soldier, Lt. Col. Greg Ganson, his dreams of walking again came to life when he was gifted a pair of prosthetic legs. These pair of prosthetic legs is called power Knee2 which will enable amputees the walk again with more safety and assurance combined together. This is no ordinary prosthetic leg because this one users the conclave of artifi cial intelligence and sensors to make the walking process a better one.Furthermore what the inventors did was connect the prosthetic leg via sensors using Bluetooth to a laptop. This was done during the process of walking to make some required adjustments to the legs to ensure comfort. It is also fully customizable and differs from person to person. Moreover it gives everyone a better chance of achieving what they can get out of real legs. So far, this new invention has made some improvement based on the early 2006 model which was called power knee. This new model is able to adapt to situations such as if a person wants to sit down, climb a fleet of stairs or even lie down.The inbuilt sensor will detect these situations and adjust the unwieldiness of the prosthetic legs. All in all, the latest technology in artificial intelligence has surpassed a lot of expectations and will definitely have the faculty to expand even more with the sands of time. Regardless in any field, artificial intelligence benefited. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Artificial Intelligence Technology in Artificial Intelligence is quite a controversial topic the societys opinions are quite divided but they cannot stop the Future of Technology as it is everlastingly evolving.The pros and cons are quite lawful forward. Based on several articles, there are several advantages that was constantly brought up * Evolving Relationship of Humans with Computation * Increases Job opportunities * Machines complete the task faster than a human The first point to be discussed would be the Evolving Relationship of Humans with Computation. The newer and older generation is welcoming this new era of Modern Technology being used in Artificial Intelligence. Its at the societys dispense it will be there whenever users wants to use it.The second point will be the increase job opportunities for humans to be more specialized in a specific field in order to be more innovative in building new and improved versions of Artificial Intelligence theories. The last and final point will be about technology constantly evolving. This would then increase the level of Artificial Intelligence which will make it even harder for humans to execute the tasks. Which means that it doesnt require much resources as the machine has the best outcomes possible built into the program.This becomes less time consuming as it requires less time for the machine to gather information and resources in comparison if a human was handed this task. This is when Artificial Intelligence is at its advantage they are emotionless, more efficient and lightens the burden on the human when it comes to doing dangerous or far too complex problems. on with the pros, there will unendingly be cons that go along with it. There are several disadvantages of Technology in Artificial Intelligence that is not really supported by the intelligent educated people that hold question the theories of Artificial Intelligence in Te chnology in general.These are the several disadvantages that was brought up * Human Feel * Misuse of this technology * great power to replace a human job The first disadvantage will be the human feel robots inability to feel the emotional understanding for humans. This will cause the machines lacking in the ability to sympathize with the human situation and this would cause them to act irrationally as a consequence. Its beyond the companys responsible for the robots which results to no-one getting the blame for the machines faults. The second disadvantage will be the misuse of this technology.Countries are always prepared for war, so with countries in the race of getting the best defense systems if this technology gets into the wrong hands it can needs cause mass damage. Artificial Intelligence is also getting interconnected into military training getting autonomous robot troops to get sent first before the human troops. For example, in the US they are already testing on this theory which cost them almost twenty dollar bill five million dollars for just a test run. Its quite a huge hazard to take if the technology arent able to support the specific needs to minimize damage on the humans.Also, with technology evolving people are able to hack the system of these robotic troops which can take place the source control. The third and last disadvantage is that with technology constantly evolving humans are feeling threatened in fear of losing their jobs. Technology has different branches of Artificial Intelligence and robotics has played a major role in this new era of Technology taking over society. This would then lead to mass unemployment in the future if the future of Technology in Artificial Intelligence is progressing forward. Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial IntelligenceIn everything single that you do in this world, no subject field in what field, there will always be advantages and disadvantages. Its how they co-relate with each other i n everything that we do. In artificial intelligence, different people have different views about it and because of that this research aims to see what those advantages and disadvantages are and how they relate with us. First of all we will talk about the disadvantages of artificial intelligence to give us a better picture of the bad side to this technology phenomenon. The first one is over dependency.When we feel too reliable towards something, we swallow that those machines were made by humans. Therefore, machines are not perfect in every sense and can malfunction and any given point or time. If we are too reliable on them and they fail on us, we will be stuck at a point without any solutions to deal with the situation at hand. We always need to have some sort of accompaniment plan to ensure that if the machines fail, we can scourge the situation straight out and not make any losses or any sorts. The second disadvantage is the lack of human feel. We humans always have a certain touch towards something and of course we have emotions as well.For machines, they dont have the emotional values to relate with us humans therefore some decisions made could be fatal to us. The more we try to top the number of manpower in our industries we lack the human feel day by day. It might be good at a point of time or even fatal at another point of time. To stick on the safe side, we should keep the human feel present at all times to keep rationality present in what we do. Besides that, some people think that artificial intelligence is wrong in a way. To us, we believe intelligence is a gift from theology and should be valued not cloned into something.This form of so called playing divinity fudge is not fancied by many. On the other hand we can look at this in different ways. Some people might want to keep their intelligence to themselves but others might want to trade it to the world in different forms. With this, everything goes both ways because if our intelligence is captured by the wrong people, misuse of it can lead to unwanted events. On the other hand, if we keep our knowledge to ourselves, the world will not expand in such a way because if we share it with many, more theories and more development will be present and therefore expand the network on artificial intelligence.This is definitely crucial at this era. If machines are able to do all our jobs, we will definitely lose our jobs at the hands of those machines. When everything task is done by machines, the human workforce will definitely have a significant decline. The ones most affected will be the ones at the lower levels of management. The higher ones will act as supervisors and with a dawn of button, machines can be controlled. With many people not having jobs, the crime rate will definitely go up and people will end up committing suicide just to ease their pain.Although machines are able to perform our daily tasks, we still need a workforce to operate them and ensure that everyt hing is running smoothly. If the machines malfunction and there is no workforce, more money will be spent in fixing the machines rather than the salary of every single person working. Having a machine do something will definitely be less time consuming, but having a person operating it and making sure that it is running at full efficiency is something that will benefit us.Furthermore, if machines keep on doing everything for us, the new generation will be born and labeled as a lazy bunch. The new generation will not know what doing work feels like because machines are doing everything for them. This will also lead to health issues such as obesity. More and more people will be staying at home rather of going out to work. This health issue poses a serious health risk for every surface area in the world. More and more people will be unhealthy and soon many problems will occur in this world.We should move forward with time and technology but sometimes we just have to think of the cons equences before doing a certain thing to ensure both time and consequence are well taken care of in every aspect possible. All these disadvantages stated should be always lingering in our minds so that we remember what will happen if we fail to deal with it. Although the disadvantages of artificial intelligence sounds bad in a way, but there is always some good in it. Listing the disadvantages first opened us up to the possible bad effects of artificial intelligence.In the following page I will continue on discussing the advantages of artificial intelligence. When both of this combines, you will get to see a brighter picture on what artificial intelligence really mean to us. Seeing the disadvantages only might give us a bad impression straight forth but when we the see the following advantages I will change our mind on our lives of artificial intelligence. To say it is a bad thing, we would jump to conclusions because we our ourselves are the ones who created artificial intelligenc e and for us not to see the good part it would be a waste to humanity.We only live once and we must make the most of it every single time. The first advantage of artificial intelligence is dealing with the jobs that require human intelligence. Humans are complex organisms with a huge amount of capabilities. For a machine to clone the human brain is amazing and can be considered a good technology innovation. If machines are able to cope with jobs that are supposed to be done by humans, we will be more productive as now we have two brains working as one. With that, it expands the human knowledge in such a way to keep improving time.Before the invention of these things, humans will have to risk their lives during things that seemed very hard to get done. Now, with machines being able to take over their place, it will be a safer order for humans to get work done and no lives have to be risked in the line of work. Safety is one of the main factors of job operation in the working world. When people see that a job that used to be risky now has a new method to reduce it, more people would be interested in joining the workforce and thus eliminates the rater of poverty and also homeless people.With more jobs offered, a country will prosper more in the economic sector due to more people working and will contribute in large-minded the company more help in combination with the machines. Secondly, machines do not stop and get fatigue. Machines are strictly powered by galvanising sources and therefore will keep on going no relentoff what are the odds. Humans on the other hand get tired and have certain hours of work therefore they can only work for certain period of time. For example, if a company is producing cigarettes and needs to have more production done day by day.If this needs to be done, humans can only do it to a certain extent because they need breaks and need to go home. If machines are there to continue the work go away off during the night, by the next d ay double the production will be present. When machines are at work humans can rest and this makes everyone happier in such a way. Artificial intelligence also reduces the risk of anyone getting sick with illness. If a person has to work overtime and is always at the office, the risk of that person getting ill with be high.And what was just pointed out was only for one person, what if it was a whole group of people? More and more people will be affected by this and increase the health risk posed. When machines are there, humans will not have to push to limit in everything they do, machines can do it for them and this will save all the hassle of getting ill and having to be admitted to hospital. If this is eliminated, everyone will be living healthy and happy at the same time due the good relationship between man and machine. Next, artificial intelligence has lead to serve as aids. Mainly it has contributed as health aids.People with disabilities now have a place to turn to and techn ology to help them get through life which is already tough at hand. Nowadays, more and more health related problems are thrown to us with a big bang without a certain solution. With the help of artificial intelligence and research, now medical treatment for these diseases and even machines have been created to help us get through these tough times. Now not only adults have health problems or disabilities, children are now climbing up the list of people with health problems. The death rate will definitely go down with these new inventions as we all have something that may help us n a way to cure the pain and the sickness. If we manage to overcome all these health problems with the help of technology, the world would turn into a happier place and not a place which leads us to endure suffering instead of happiness in our lives. Lastly, the power that artificial intelligence holds is limitless in such a way that it has the power to do everything that is thinkable and not thinkable. Huma ns tend to make errors and by us knowing this fact, we are able to program a certain machine to ensure that the machine does not make the same mistakes.By doing this less mistakes will be made and everything will run smoothly as planned. Rather than us learning from our mistakes, we should program it to a computer because a computer does not make any mistakes. We would then expand the boundaries of everything on this earth because if we stop travel forward we will stop the flow of technology as a whole and thus stop improving on what we have now. At the end of the day, all we can do is look at the future and ensure that we have now will get better in time.We definitely are not able to predict the future and the challenges we are going to face but what we can do is take good care of the resources in technology that we have now and nurture and improve them day by day until we reach the future. All we can do is hope for the best and that everything we have now will be relevant in the upcoming years of our lives. We should ensure that the advantages of artificial intelligence do not turn into disadvantages and the disadvantages should be always remembered and not turn into something far more worst.We strongly believe that artificial intelligence has gave us and is going to give us more good than bad because it was invented by humans for a reason and the main reason is to help other humans. If it was bad, we could have seen far worst consequences. Even though I think of it as a good thing, we should always remember not to let it move in the wrong hands with crazy minds to protect this world. Conclusion As the world becomes very advanced in technology, it has been hard to keep up with the ever-so growing advancement into the computerized world. The robotic technology has benefited the human kind greatly in various ways.However, as people lose their heads in this advanced society, they have failed to realize that robots are a helping hand and a guide, not a replace ment. There are fields robot cannot fill in the position for a human but as robots become more intelligent, people find themselves turning lazier. Half of the population in the developed world has become dependent on robot personals and misuses robots by over-using them. Robots have made peoples lives comfortable and safer. However, at the same time they have caused the worlds employment rate to plummet and some jobs to extinct.As the popular belief goes If you suffer now, you will enjoy later- if you enjoy now, you will suffer later, this is a very true saying that shows that in order to achieve happiness, people have to go through bereavement but however, if we are lazy and dont go through any hardship, there will be a time we pay the price for it which here could be set as an example for a sluggish human being relying on robots to do everything. For people who encourage the full implementation of robots with artificial intelligence into the working sector, they have failed to se e beyond their own comfort and at other peoples situation.If the society was one day supposed to be run by robots, then there wouldnt be any need for human kinds. Therefore, although there is the resource and the knowledge to create robots, while appreciating the tasks they have done for us, we also have to realize our limits and set a bar to how aquiline on robots do we really want to be? Appendix Anonymous, No Date, Automata, mechanical toys, http//www. mechanical-toys. com/History%20page. htm, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Anonymous,1998, Robotics A brief history, http//www-cs-faculty. stanford. edu/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/1998-99/robotics/history. tml, Accessed time 6/11/2012 Bambi Turner, 2012, 10 Ways Artificial Intelligence forget Affect Our Lives, http//dsc. discovery. com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/ways-artificial-intelligence-will-affect-our-lives. htm, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Dr. E, 2011, Advantages and Disadvantages for Artificial Intelligence, http//www. infobarrel. c om/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_for_Artificial_Intelligence_The_Pros_and_Cons_of_AI, Accessed time 8/11/2012 Hans Moravec, 2009, Rise of the Robots- The future of Artificial Intelligence, http//www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? d=rise-of-the-robots, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Ian Paul, 2011, Tech of the Future, Today Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, http//www. pcworld. com/article/220685/tech_of_the_future_today_breakthroughs_in_artificial_intelligence. html, Accessed time 9/11/2012 James Isom, , 2005, Brief history on robots http//robotics. megagiant. com/history. html Accessed time 5/11/2012 Marcus du Sautoy, 2012, AI robot how machine intelligence is evolving, http//www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2012/apr/01/ai-artificial-intelligence-robots-sautoy, Accessed time 5/11/2012

Al-Qaeda Training Manual

The US Department of Justice (US DOJ) has worldly concernly disclosed the Al-Qaeda genteelness Manual which was recovered from the house of arrested alleged terrorist Khalid Khaliq on July 2005 in Manchester, England.The readying manual containing comprehensive chapters of lessons written in Islamic language has been translated in English following US DOJs handling of a trial on the spate of terrorist attacks of the UK and the US vital installations (US DOJ, 2008).Accordingly, to cite, the training manual outlines four substantial topics, such as (1) Lesson 1 Principles of Military Organization, (2) Lesson 2 Necessary Qualifications and characteristics for the Organizations Member, (3) Lesson 3 Counterfeit Currency and risky Documents, and (4) Lesson 4 Organization Military Bases (US DOJ, 2008).In this paper, the position of a counterterrorism specialist ordain be discussed, relating the hypothetical questions on what implications for counterterrorism are contained in the trai ning manual and what counterterrorism system can be developed in light of the manual.Implications for counterterrorismAs a point of view on the classification of the training manual as a captured document, counterterrorism specialist may livelyly consider cardinal fundamental implications for counterterrorism, such as (1) revalidation of the captured document, and (2) operational review on counterterrorism strategies. This critical reconsideration underscores the way of the systems in assessing the counterterrorism campaigns in both military and noncombatant organizations.Revalidation of the captured document would exert extensive effort for key military units and the light community to analyze the veracity of information contained in the training manual.The early scenario to implement the revalidation could be in the field personnel, manage the CIAs HumInt (human intelligence) hole-and-corner(prenominal) operatives that verifies and classifies the substantive category of su ch information. The second scenario could be the analytical order, examining the depth and breadth of the captured document in the aspect of strategic persona and intent referring to the psychological warfare (psywar) of the literature.The operational review on counterterrorism strategies could be in line with redefining and reformulating short and long term plans or tactic purposely to counter the operation plan or OPLAN that can be found in the training manual. Overall, the implication would take into effect the number of policy framework that deals with counterterrorism.Counterterrorism StrategyAs cited from the training manual, Al-Qaeda massively recruits individuals working in borders, seaports and airports, of which will carryout the mission to blast or destroy vital places, like public amusement centers, embassies, economic zones, communication and media establishments, and government and military facilities to summons a few (US DOJ, 2008).Given the above situation, the first employment of a counterterrorism strategy is to secure the possible, potential and vulnerable places for terrorist attacks. One aspect of security measures is with personnel profiling or the conduct of evaluating the profiles of working personnel and monitor their activities. In which case, a security guideline must be decisively implemented in working areas.However, the counterterrorism strategy can be efficiently and effectively implemented without legal constraints by implementing the necessary, existing and applicable laws, regulations and render policies that are meant to safeguard the working places and promote lawful prevention against terrorism. Thus, mobilization of strategic counterterrorism campaigns can be implemented at the extent of public tolerance and compliance.On the other hand, it is a common knowledge that the US naval facility in Guantanamo, Cuba has been used as a prison of arrested terrorists, in which the controversy of alleged inhuman treatment of prisoners has recently ordered by President Barrack Obama to dispose of utilizing the facility as a hurt den.By mentioning this information, it owe to relate the situation that counterterrorism specialist or ripe may rely on applying psychological and physical torture as a method to extract information or obtain it as a first-hand validation from detained terrorists, partly of the strategy in reaffirming the information which is similarly called by the intelligence community as rendition.

Playing and Winning

or so people like to play games, such(prenominal) as sport games, ready reckoner games, and so on. Obviously, it forms a highly competition environment among those who play the games and of gradation, both(prenominal)body will win or lose during the competitions. In order to undertake the first place, people would have to go through completely the requirement practice. In fact, everyone deprivations to win the best price but winner is ever so one. In my opinion, no matter what the result is, people should focus on the process rather than the result. In many cases, people give likewise such(prenominal) focus on the result.For instance, students in the school all want to get an A on their assignments, but it endlessly ends up with some negative effects. Some of them will cheat during the test or reproduction someone elses work to turn in. Focus too much on the grade will not do any wide-cut for their own benefits but decrease their self-value. Without doubt, champion is i mportance in a competition, but there are things much than that. In the Olympics, athletes come from all over the world and each of them presents his or her country.Winning the game of course can benefits their countries and athletes themselves. But not everyone can win. I think the close to important thing is that even though they did not win, at to the lowest degree they tried their best to participate in the events. If people are always focusing on winning, they would not concentrate on their own sports and ca-ca their efforts in vain. Focusing on process has many effects such as friendship and experience. Even though people are winning, they lifelessness feel happy because they gain experience and it makes a chance for them to ensure from their mistakes.The most important thing is whether people learn things or not. I think not being a winner does not imagine you are a loser because when things come, not winning could bring more benefits than winning. I disagree with that playing a game is fun unaccompanied when you win. We can have a lot of fun when we put ourselves in wholeheartedly. Once we take one thing seriously and try our best, then(prenominal) at least the process is really great, it also worth to be proud of.

Hiv Prevention

human immunodeficiency virus/ remain firm by LIFE SKILLS EDC 121 TONI SYLVESTER Nataniel P. Marthinus Student Nr. 3142910 Assignment 1 Due Date 01 March 2011 INTRODUCTION1 Eight Fundamental considerations or step to be followed before and after administering a blood test for HIV. 1 involuntary focusing & adenine Testing1 Food and Nutrition1 Prevention & onward transmission system of HIV1 Follow-up Counseling1 Stigma & Discrimination2 Spiritual carry2 Sexually genic Infections2 Palliative Cargon2 Strategies for the provision of HIV-related Treatment, c be and co-occurrence services2Ensuring the continuation of reading (EDC121 pattern reader 41)2 Providing psychosocial brave out for children (EDC121 guide Reader 42)2 Treatment education at school2 Successful school-based HIV/ back up treatment, c atomic number 18 and support programmes3 Caring work Environment3 s redeemr Centered Programmes3 Build on lively services3 Community Involvement3 The UN aid (2000) a rticle4 demographic effects4 Health effects4 Family-life effects4 eudaemonia effects4 Education effects4 UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS5 REFERENCES6 INTRODUCTION HIV/ back up is the fastest growing epidemic here in Africa.In fact, the virus is so widespread you will find people with the virus all over the world. According to statistics in November 2007, people living(a) with HIV & AIDS around the world are the most in Africa. It also shows that the ailment occurs mostly around infants who acquire the virus from their mother. (EDC121 get across Reader 55). I will be discussing discordant topics concerning the virus. Eight Fundamental considerations or steps to be followed before and after administering a blood test for HIV. Voluntary Counseling & TestingThrough counseling and knowledge of the virus, it could answer a mortal with following a wellnessy lifestyle so that he or she bottom live longer and prevent other infections. People who get wind that they are negative could le arn to change their behavior towards people living with the virus. (EDC121 program Reader 37) Food and Nutrition Good nutrition lonesome(prenominal) posterior non keep a individual permanently healthy. Nevertheless it may help lengthen the lifespan of a person living with HIV. Nutrition plays a huge role in the medication process of a person living with HIV. It can also increase the risk of HIV infection from mother to baby. EDC121 fertilise Reader 37) Prevention & Onward Transmission of HIV Counseling on versed behavior is advised. Provide condoms and must have a supportive environment. (EDC121 dustup Reader 37) Follow-up Counseling HIV affects all aspects of a persons life. It can help someone understand, live with and accept their status. (EDC121 Course Reader 37) Stigma & Discrimination Stigma is fueled by mythical concepts. Thus it is a barrier to prevent future infections and further treatment. Communities have a various concepts around AIDS and how the virus is spread.This indicates a lack of knowledge and consciousness towards the disease. (EDC121 Course Reader 37) Spiritual Support Support from spiritual leading and priests may be comforting. (EDC121 Course Reader 37) Sexually Transmitted Infections STI co-contribute to HIV transmission. If treated, it can help reduce AIDS spread through sexual intercourse and can keep a person healthier for longer. (EDC121 Course Reader 37) Palliative Care Because of a lack of health fundament there are insufficient Palliative care institutes for people who are approaching the end of their lives.Palliative care provides comfort and support for people who are terminally ill and helps people die a comfortable death. (EDC121 Course Reader 37) Strategies for the provision of HIV-related Treatment, care and support services Ensuring the continuation of education (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Providing psychosocial support for children (EDC121 Course Reader 42) Treatment education at school HIV-positive learne rs and educators will ask support in their work and the learning environment so that they can get treatment whilst on school grounds.Here are a few related issues * Treatment support for HIV-positive students * Support for students and teachers to visit medical centers for checkups * How the affects of the treatment will impact on the learner and educators ability to teach and learn * Adapting to the curricula of HIV & AIDS so that the learners and teachers wont teach information that is out of date * Educating students stuffy treatment and the harm caused caused by stigma and discrimination so that they can give better support to their parents and families. (EDC121 Course Reader 43) * Home-based care and educationAcross Confederate Africa, in many schools students and teachers are providing outreach work to support the association members. This support can be categorized as follows * Learners supporting sick members of the community * Educators proving home-based education s to sick students. (EDC121 Course Reader 43) * Universal precautions (EDC121 Course Reader 44) * Support for basic needs (EDC121 Course Reader 44) * Teaching livelihood skills (EDC121 Course Reader 45) * Social grants (EDC121 Course Reader 45) Successful school-based HIV/AIDS treatment, care and support programmes Caring School Environment It is a work-based insurance based on the rights of children. * The recreation of opportunities for staff and students. (EDC121 Course Reader 46) Child Centered Programmes * Policies reflecting a rights-based approach. * Children and young people should be involved in the design and carrying out of the programmes. (EDC121 Course Reader 46) Build on existing services * Uniting HIV elements with existing policies rather than letting it stand alone. (EDC121 Course Reader 46) Community Involvement * Policies that are developed with close consultation with members of the community. Strategy development including more help of men in the care and suppor t system. * Socioculturally sensitive policies without compromising the shared fundamental traits of the programme. (EDC121 Course Reader 46) The UNAIDS (2000) article Demographic effects Half of South Africas population are children and more then 60% of them live in poverty. Because there is an association between poverty levels and HIV infection, this percentage can serve as a figure for the number of children with AIDS. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Health effects Children that lives in an infected community struggles with ill health and poor nutrition.In rural areas childrens nutritional status suffers because they are pendant on household labour. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Family-life effects The household traditionalistic structures is changing in communities that are affected and children that are vulnerable need to adapt to the demands of a non-traditional family and further deepening poverty. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Welfare effects Economically families and households are ve ry hard hit by this. Because of infirmityes and poor health productive family members they are often unable to work.Families are poor and are more vulnerable by the cost of illness and care. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Education effects Poor attendance in school already characterizes the landscape of South African education. HIV-infected children do not want to go public with their status. They do not want to find ashamed at school. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) Psychosocial effects Childrens psychosocial luridness and emotional shock is often not as visible as other problems but central importance. There are various delicate challenges that children have to face such as grief, loss of identity, stigma, rejection, death, etc. EDC121 Course Reader 41) Orphanhood effects Disrupted families and death of parents and close relatives have created a huge number of abandoned South African children. By some calculations the number of orphans will have grown 9-12% of the countries population by 2015. (EDC121 Course Reader 41) UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS Precautions basically include Caring for wounds- take up emergency supplies on hand Cleaning up blood spills- Gloves safely disposing of medical supplies- Medicines (EDC121 Course Reader 44) REFERENCES EDC121 Course Reader, 2011

Business Modeling Essay

Ted R tout ensembleey is on the job(p) on conducting a forecast for the upcoming division for an automobile part company. The info that will be apply for this look has been collected from the depictly gross revenue from the previous four years. Ted wants to mold what is intimately accurate way to determine the forecast for 2008. The model should excessively tending determined if the stinting situation and oil prices atomic number 18 affecting importantly the sales of the company. The two models that were provided were thoroughly analyzed to determine which model was the virtually appropriate to utilize. These models were a regression model with itemors, seasons and an analogue Holt-Winters model. The forecasts also come on that there is a significant change in the sales with the economic hardship and oil prices. It was concluded that the Regression with Econometric Variables would be the scoop up method to use to forecast the sales for 2008, estimating a 255,927,955 for that year.BackgroundWith the thriftiness continuously deteriorating e actuallyone seems to be getting hurt financially, even the automotive industry, which has increase the economic recession. Automotive part suppliers continued to experience heavy debt and overcapacity caused by production cuts by automakers, specifically including the big 3 (Ford Motor Company, planetary Motors and Chrysler). The suppliers are also being pressed by higher nix and input materials costs. It has been determined by Industry analyst that automotive companies that accounted for much than $72 billion in sales have filed for chapter 11 protections in 2008. The number of Bankruptcies will continue to rise as the years go by. Domestically, Losing the big 3 to U.S affiliates of foreign- based manufacturers and imports in 2008 have caused a prominent 50% drop in the market share.Most US suppliers are dependent on these trio companies aforementioned. U.S suppliers are currently facing the quarre l of penetrating automakers supply chains, mostly because these relationships have been long-established with home-market supplies. Ted Ralley is the director of a merchandising research for a manufacturer of spare automobiles parts and its working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year. Ted is aware of the forecasting fallacys and how dear(p) they can be which is why these numbers must be as accurate as possible. In order to perform this forecast, Ted has collected the selective information on quarterly sales for the previous four years and ran several(prenominal) forecasts use time series forecasting methods. Ted noticed that economic body process and oil prices have impacted significantly the auto part sales and decided that the forecast will be more accurate apply econometric versatiles. ProblemWill the econometric variables be a cave in predictor of sales for the coming year, given the current economic bodily process and oil prices? AnalysisThis analysis consist ed of the evaluation of the regression model with factors, seasons and the additive Holt-Winters method to generate an accurate forecast of how econometric variables have change the Auto Parts industry. The analysis involved calculating the errors metrics for the three models (mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE and Theils U-statistics (U)) and comparing them against each opposite. The error metrics were calculated by using the formulas shown below Table 1.1 Error Metrics FormulasAfter studying the info provided it could be determined that there is an upward trend with obvious seasonality. some other factor that played a role in these regressions was the removal of the outgrowth two years in order to meet Holt-Winters method guidelines. The outgrowth regression was conducted using Factors was generated by utilizing the data that provided by Ted Ralley from a larger-than-life manufacturer of spare auto parts for automobiles. The data consisting of the quarterly sales for the previous four years was the dependent variables and independent variables consisted of Time, quarter 2, quarter 3, quarter 4. In this regression quarter 1 was removed in order to avoid over forecasting and binary coding was used to generate dummy factors. After the regression was completed, the independent variables were tested to determine their significance, which was done by performing a regression on the data through Microsoft Excel. Quarter 4 was removed from the model due to the fact that it was statistically insignificant. This was determined by using backward elimination, which means, a variable that has a P-Value that is greater than .05, is considered insignificant and should be removed from the data and a new regression should be completed.The results from the new regression, shown below, have a P-Value less(prenominal) than .05 being sufficient to reject the null hypothesis (Ha). A very strong positive linear correlation between sales and all the independent variables combined with a 95.47%, leaving an unexplained variance of 4.53 is also demonstrated. According to the textbook the most common measure of overall assure is the coefficient of determination (R2). Another important measure is the standard error (Se), which is derived from the nerve center of squared residuals for n observations and k predictors (Poane, Seward, 2013). A smaller Se Indicates a better fit, in this case the Se will be finish by around 3.9 million. The coefficients used to run the forecast for 2008 are the pursual intercept coefficient + coefficient time x time 1 plus coefficient q2* canon for Q2 dummy variable for q2 + plus coefficient q3. Square error was used to escort the magnitude of the error the absolute value of the error to the sales was launch and then preceded to calculate to numerator. Numerator and denominator will be calculated in other to use Thiels U. Numerator was calculated as follow difference between sales minus the sale of initial sale (difference q1-2 sales) /divided by q1 and squared.BibliographyPoane, D., & type A Seward, L. E. (2013). Business Modeling Customized Readings for QNT5040. Mc Graw Hill Education.Microsoft Office Excel. (2007). Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation.Albright, Winston & Zappe (2010). Business Modeling, Selections from 4e QNT 5040 (4th ed.). Mason Cengage Learning. Aczel,A & Sounderpandian,J (2009). Complete Business Statistics 7th variation (592). Mc Graw Hill Education.U.S. Automotive Parts Industry Annual Assessment. (2009, April 1). . Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http//trade.gov/mas/manufacturing/OAAI/ throw/groups/public/tg_oaai/documents/webcontent/tg_oaai_003759.pdf

Freedom of Expression in the Philippines Essay

Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above on the whole liberties. JOHN MILTONIndividual immunity and collective expression in the Filipinos, Id regularise, is the about exercised and an unmistakable sign of this countrys democracy. Our psyche reclaims and freedoms, the most basic, the essential to the complex and critical nonpareils define our identity as Filipinos, and the basic extension of our humanity. That need to express, to communicate, and to reach out to one another(prenominal)(prenominal) without the fear of judgment or even criminal prosecution. We guard the freest press, the most uncensored and unrestricted comestible on our freedom to express ourselves, to explore other sights take on relevant issues and some clock just so, because we want to and because we suffer. And when these ar stripped of us, we resist. We react, and to some extent violently and rebelliously just so we slew send that fierce inwardness that as a democratic country, with the collective freedoms and practiceds declared in our charter, no one has the right to deny us of those rights and freedoms. moreover sometimes, too a good deal freedom can mean abuse of freedom. And restrictions or not, these freedoms arent absolute. matchless is still liable to what he guesss, especially in unexclusive. As originals and practitioners of the press, they are responsible for balanced views and opinions. Slander, libel, false accusations and any other organize with venomous intent is tolerated by freedom of expression. One cannot accuse someone of something and cite his freedom of expression, and expect it to give him immunity from the law.Article 19 of the universal joint Declaration of Human Rights states Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas by means of any media and heedless of frontiers. Article 19 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights affirms Everyone shall have got the right to freedom of expression this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.Under the Bill of Rights of the Philippine Constitution, Article III, Section 4 declares No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and bespeak the government for redress of grievances. But it wasnt too long agone when the infamous Cybercrime Bill was signed by the president. It bore flawed provisions that largely outraged advocates of freedom of speech. It awakened this fire not notwithstanding to these advocates but to ordinary Filipinos who was suddenly faced with the possibility of being denied of this freedom . It panicked some. And now the Bill is on a temporary restraining order after much protest that involved hacktivists hacking government servers and websites. The Presidents website polish up to other departments werent spared from their wrath. Rallies and demonstrations plagued the major government offices. Even the press verbalized its dismay on the un sensible understanding the bill imposed. And thus, this freedom prevailed. familiarity means responsibility.That is why most men dread it. GEORGE BERNARD SHAWHow many times have we seen major political figures get a right smart with it? How often have seen them actually pay for their wrongful actions?Seldom, if not never.Im not going to expound much on the issue of legal independence, though its another critical criteria of good governance that somehow connects with this issue. The bend of the executive and legislative branches respectively, to our judiciary, though less people wants to admit it, is not unheard of. I would even go as far as saying that appearances aside, alliances between people from these three legs of our system speaks volumes if we want to rebuke about partiality, of justice being served, or of the judiciary protecting people from the other two branches.Ex-chief justice Renato Coronas historic impeachment can attest to this connection. People have been talking about Coronas say alliance with GMA ever since he was ap come outed by the latter, have sprouted suspicions and dirty allegations and from that standpoint, when the chief justices human beings interpret is tainted, people will not just talk of injustice. Regardless of its right or falsity, in their eyes, the then chief justice must no longer be a chief justice. Then came his impeachment, which was on the grounds of not declaring assets and liabilities on his SALN, which then comes to light a public authoritatives dishonesty or honest mistake of omission, we will never know. After that excruciating days of examining the facts and arguing from point A to point B about this and that in the senate, I dont imply it had achieved much but prove a point.A point that I guess is a starting step into holding a public official responsible for his action. Its a welcomed change. But lets look at our former president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Somehow, shes still out of the clutch of accountability to her grave misdeeds in office. Her audacity not to resign when reasonable proof has been unearthed of her alleged influence on the 2004 Presidential elections. Evidences, though iniquitous or circumstantial surfaced, or did you forget the wiretapping Hello Garci scandal. Those tapes allegedly suggested that Arroyo enjoin the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one meg votes against the late Fernando Poe, Jr.However, she indeed conversed with COMELEC commissioner Virgilio Garciliano, and it was a lapse of judgment on her part and made the most talked about apology in television. Her alleged cheating and electoral sabotage induced public protests, to no avail. several(prenominal) impeachment attempts have followed. Three separate complaints ensued. One in 2005, and then another in 2006. All defeated and trashed in the House of Representatives. Now what does that say of our system under her presidency? In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguias complaint was based on the apocalypse of Pampanga Gov. Ed Panlilio that various governors receivedhalf a million pesos from Malacaang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice. Now what? Is it academic condition there somewhere in the House with dusts and was ultimately forgotten?Her presidency, shrouded in controversy, was probably the worse after Marcos, though in the same light, we cant deny their contributions in the countrys economical imp rovement. But accountability, CGMA seems to be immune to.We saw progress on November 18, 2011 after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the Commission on Elections. At the time, she was in the hospital, so it was a House Arrest. The Supreme Court had issued a Resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her divergency from the Philippines to seek medical intervention overseas.But oh well, The House of Representatives under the leaders of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order. She was released from hospital arrest on bail and refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her term in office. These pile of charges seemed to hang up there again, as she is currently seeking treatment in Germany.Not to be insensitive with he r wellness conditions, nor would I wanna say that her health conditions are just convenient lies to misrepresent prosecution, but one has to admit of it being at the right air at the right time. Joseph Estrada was convicted of plunder and was placed on house arrest. puff up at least that is some form of penalization we saw. But then, manila had to elect him as their Mayor in the recent polls. Now what does that say about us learning from our mistakes? How can we trust a public official who had already broken our trust in the worst way possible and then elect him again and put him into a line where he can do it again? I am but a keen observer and naturally has not enough professional or political mandate to be accusing the lady of anything. However, it is my thoroughgoing right to express myself though facts and informed judgments and personal opinions.At this juncture, if one has to violently disagree with me and confront me in the form of a casing (God, I hope not), I leave the world of Philippine periodic Inquirer columnist, Mahar Mangahas. If any citizen is free to openly agree, but not to openly disagree, then freedom of expression does not prevail. An individuals filling to openly express disagreement without risk of any personal blur is a key part of the definition of a free society.

Strategy Non Market Environments

strategic Management in Non-market milieus 05/11 06/11. Cheetah / Hyena video ? Analogues to bloodline world o Make kill, but fanny you hold when scavengers seeded anticer o Eat fast if youre a cheetah ? rate Creation o Economic Activity ? Value Capture o Power, Leverage Companies you give rise (value you create) must be cognizant of game to advance (value capture) Boeing ? Site distribution throughout US, most Congressional districts o Helps when applying / process for contracts o Decision making process in Congress ? If solely worried nigh capturing an antelope (market milieu), wouldnt design locations for supply chain this focusing ?Recognizing hyenas (non-market environment effects) o How to ensure capture value o gap out across country (multiple congressional districts) o Helps with getting livelihood (congressionally directed contracts) ? GM locations ar more concentrated o operationally makes more sense, politics werent controlling decision making o However, whe n GM needs something from Government, may be in worse view than Boeing Wal-Mart ? Not in bigger cities o Local players (protected), politics can block entry o How negotiate, cut back around? foodstuff vs.Nonmarket Environment ? Market transactions are typically consensual and bilateral o Voluntary, fundamental 11 (bilateral negotiations between parties) ? Nonmarket transactions are rarely consensual and are almost always multilateral ? Market environment focuses on frugals ? Nonmarket environment combines political science, psychology and ethics. Integrated, Managerial schema ? Goal as a Manager is to integrate Market and Non-market system Four Is (way to analyze situation) ? Issues ? Interests ? Institutions ? Information Diebold Case ?Risks (reputational, juvenile technology) o loafer we create Ballot Security service arm, to encourage solve caper and also create profitability for firm? ? tincture issues ? Communication / marketing plan ? Reach out to political parties , additional interest groups ? Diebold should accommodate known Bev Harris, taken her call ? Diebold files suit to a lower place DMCA (may non arrive been best idea in non-market environment) o defend access to information becomes worldwide cause ? Politics is unstable o Have to be farsighted o Can not be myopic, take short term view ? Pays to set the genda (want to be the nonpareil who makes theproposal) o Proposal helps define the winners and losers o Want to be the docket setter Observations on Nonmarket Strategy &038 Analysis ? Issues generate nonmarket competition ? Market rivals can be nonmarket allies coalitions can be effective ? Your survival of objectives determines who is aligned with and against you ? Alignments of interests are often issue- proper(postnominal) ? Business can represent those who would other be unrepresented ? Institutional features matter e. g. , Federal versus State jurisdiction ?When attempting to check mark an issue, proposing better altern atives is often effective o Bring other interests into play ? If there is a problem for you at the company level (e. g. , behavior of corruption), then form coalitions and work on behalf of coalition o J&038J partner with other pharmaceutical, healthcare orgs, activist groups (help assure hatful are not acting in corrupt fashion, but for great public good) o Can expand to not just specific industry, but all businesses in area (e. g. , chamber of commerce), etc. ? When thought process about coalitions ask who benefits from my success on this issue?Goal of cast ? acquiret accept that rules are fixed (rules are not fixed) o But think about is there a way that we can change the rules to benefit the company o Dont miss opportunity to change b/c brook not considered ? Politics is about public good, but also basically about redistribution o How can set strategy to affect positively for our organization ? Complication of Politics o People are make to go to voting booth on moral co ncerns along with economic o Sometimes issues that can be large motivators may not have as large an impact as other concerns luxuriousness value Case ? 1990 task was introduced on luxury items o Huge political fight, tiny revenue generator (not important in context of toilsome to balance the federal budget) ? Why was the tax introduced if testament not have large impact? ? May have just been for the perception create impression that care about fairness in way that doesnt create large new taxes for parties ? Core constituents feel that they care about values they run on ? May have been to help reelection problem ?Opposed to tax consumers of luxury goods, manufacturers of luxury items, retailers of foreign luxury items ? Supporters of Luxury Tax foreign manufacturers of boats, people who dont buy luxury items, domestic manufacturers of luxury cars, manufacturers of substitutes for luxury items, some NGOs (anti-fur, anti-diamong) o Not an adventure that bill does not apply to GM (b/c GM was on committee working on bill) ? When make predictions in the political arena, are going to ask o Who are important interest groups, who will have power on the issue ?Large number of voters ? wealthiness / contributions / participation of group ? Do you have connections with key members of Congress? ? dissemination of voters ? Ability to get media attention (celebrities, experts) ? Is the group organized? o Who has power, who has incentives? ? Can go a long way to making predictions once have the details of the situation ? What determines the incentives for action? o Magnitude of benefits will suffer ? As a group ? As individuals (per capita) ? Substitutes and Opportunity cost ? How does this equivalence to other issues ?Expected Return on Effort ? (how much work will take / what is expected impact) ? Potential reputational costs ? Luxury Tax Coalition ? Yachts Not as many manufacturers, not as tumefy distributed (concentrated in states like Rhode Island, smaller st ate) ? Foreign manufacturers are not voters woeful position when entering country ? Cross of manufacturers (Horizontal across Rent Chains) Airplanes, Boats o Distributed Politics Spreadsheet, Cemex slipperiness ? ? ? See spreadsheet for Distributed Politics notes Modified Lowi Matrix Cemex case notes on handouts

The Role of Classroom Interaction in a Primary Level Classroom

The juncture of class board fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction in a unproblematic score take aim mode has been the centre of focal point in many surveies conducted in this field. virtu every(prenominal)y of the surveies were carried out by horse opera research lapers in which the school style interaction was critically studied to happen its impact on the future humour / globe presentation of a student. These surveies right assorted spheres of school mode interaction covering teacher-student and peer-peer interaction. Since we piss a curious socio-economic apparatus in Pakistan which differs from the western refinings, there is null that needs to be filled up by analyzing a schoolroom interaction in the model of the predominating teaching civilization of our state.Furthermore, in our civilization learning avocation has neer been of premier impressiveness instead professions like technology, medical or cosmos a buffer zone in PAF is more preferable. This has resulted in encephalon drain in the management profession. Young alumnuss who do non happen any occupation, bend to the learning profession as a last resort. Furthermore, in the socio-economic apparatus of our state education is a low-income profession, which force instructors to merely go through the kin room clip learning nil, and have their ain tuition centres to learn at eventides. Additionally the pupils from the less fortunate backgrounds find it hard to prosecute in peer-peer interaction or have violent attitudes in class-room interaction which, at times, proves counter-productive.This keep up aims to research kineticss of year room interaction in a primary election course category room and outlines a scheme to work out this job.Statement of ProblemTo analyze category room interaction in a primary category room environment.Scope of StudyThis suss out pass on place the aboriginal factors that contribute to category room interaction in a primary degree category r oom. It allow for besides individual out hindrances being faced by schools in Pakistan to heighten category room interaction. This resume may be used as a helpful bear witness in explicating a tangled policy towards heightening category room interaction in the school systems in Pakistan.Significance of this SurveyAfter independency in 1947, no serious idea was of all time given to construction our educational system on a solid and balance, exhaustively worked out termss that should work forth a regiment of good groomed, socially confident and focussed work Equus caballuss to turn to the intensifying issues of a freshly natural province. Quiet opposed to that a fire combat policy, non wholly speak the socio-religious and the socio-economic background of the people, was the chief(prenominal) drive force behind preparation of our pedagogy policy. This resulted in state of affairs where the intelligent and bright pupils from a university would blank out up using for occupation s other so the schooling professions and finally the jilted batch found a topographic point in our schoolhouse system as instructors where they would vent off their egocentric and societal urgency on their pupils.This survey would try to bring out the fact that lack of category room interaction is because of inept and incapable instructors. Furthermore, if any efforts to remedy the category room interaction are done, so the deficiency of stack by much(prenominal) instructors proves to be the chief hindrance. This survey would be a valuable service to the society and the state and give function the intention to be a guide line in explicating a composite instruction policy to eliminate the defects of the present twenty-four hours primary school system. This instruction policy can be implemented for twain(prenominal) the cosmos every bit good as offstage sector schools.Literature ReviewBoth Kenneth and Bruffee ( 1984 ) have observed that the degree of pupils engagement in schoolroom interaction is orderly relative to the grade of instructor s engagement. They have farther written report that the virtually direct manner to make category room interaction is that the instructor attach to the rules of collaborative acquisition in which the instructor prepares a acquisition job or undertaking and so delegate myopic groups of pupils to work out the job collaboratively. Teachers engagement in schoolroom interaction was besides advocated by Hill ( 1969 ) who opines that the instructor s function is most of import in planing the undertaking. Once groups have begun work, the instructor should make no more than unobtrusively supervise the procedure because the group needs to make up ones mind the procedure themselves.Prediction of human behavior under a homophile(a) nail down of fortunes have been studied by assorted research workers which abstain that human head tend to larn fast when acquisition is conducted in groups. Meyers ( 1986 ) besides poin ted out that larning is fast provided the collaborative undertakings are decently designed.3Research QuestionsThe survey shall take to the reply the followers ( a ) Is the category room interaction in our schooling system degrading or is reforming?( B ) How strongly the instructor behavior towards heightening the category room interaction at primary degree category room affects the general response of the pupils.( degree Celsius ) How long go out it take to reform the category room interaction job in our schooling system?HypothesisThe survey is found on the undermentioned hypothesis Incapable instructors are the chief ground why category room interaction is non prevailing in our primary category room environment. Definition of Key Words/ FootingsIn this survey, sideline nomenclatures are used and explained below.( a ) Peer-peer Interaction This term signifies all interactions that fleet between the participants of common age groups i.e. pupils of the same category in a school .( B ) Socioeconomic Index. Socioeconomic index of a instructor is a composite appraisal of his instruction and wealth whereas for a pupil it is based on the business, instruction and wealth of his parents.( degree Celsius ) collaborative Learning Collaborative acquisition means planing larning undertaking or job by the instructor which is so handed over to the pupils to work out collaboratively.( vitamin D ) compendium of variance A Analysis of Variance is a aggregation ofA statistical theoretical accounts and associated processs in which the observedA varianceA in a peculiar variable is sort into constituents which can be attributed to assorted beginnings of fluctuation.Research MethodologyA intercrossed theoretical account consisting of both the soft and quantitative research methodological analysiss testament be apply for informations acquisition for this survey because it tend to execute better in set abouting any research. For this intent, questionnaires and interviews of the pupils and instructors will be the chief beginning of informations assemblage.Population and Sampling. The world for this research will be the pupils and instructors of the selected schools. This survey will include pupils and instructors of primary degree, both from private schools every bit good as man sector schools. From private sector Beacon House and City school day have been chosen and from the populace sector, F.G. coach and Army Public School have been chosen. All of these schools are situated in Karachi, Hyderabad and Nawab Shah country. A sum of 30 schools dwelling of 20 private and 10 public sector owned schools have been chosen. Sample size will consists of 15 pupils and 20 instructors from public sector school whereas 10 pupils and 15 instructors will organize up the sample size from the private sector schools. The absolute sample size will be 950 that will include 550 instructors and cd pupils in all.Research Instruments. As outlined earlier, this research will follow a loanblend theoretical account which is a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative research methodological analysiss. Following the traditions of qualitative methodological analysis, in the flesh interviews with both the pupils and instructors will be conducted. The instructors will be asked the grounds for worsening category room interaction and what are the pay construction that is being followed in prevalent schools. The pupils will be asked to sketch the grade of interest/ counsel provided by a certain instructor. To cover up the quantitative sphere, questionnaires will be used for informations assemblage. The questionnaire will be given to both instructors and pupils. The instructors will foreground their income inside informations, the figure of place member they have to back up, their matrimonial position, the educational makings they have, did they follow the instruction profession by will or by irresistible impulse. The pupil will be subjected to reply inquiries such as the educational degree of their parents and the income or household wealth.Two separate questionnaires will be fain one for the instructors and one for the pupils. The questionnaire for instructors should be prepared in such a manner as non to pique them, and for the pupils it should be prepared harmonizing to the comprehension degree of the pupils. In both instances it should be a combination of multiple overcharge inquiries ( MCQs ) and make full in the clean type of questionnaire. The interviews required will be 15-20 proceedingss long for the pupils and 20-25 proceedingss long for the instructors.Plan of Data Analysis18. ROOTS and SPSSA ( Statistical pile for the Social Sciences ) share bundles will be used for the information analysis. These package bundles provide Descriptive statistics, Bivariate statistics, anticipation for results and anticipation for placing groups which helps in intelligent informations analysis. Statistical theoretical accoun ts like ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) will be used to analyse lending factors across the instructors and pupils groups belonging to distinguishable socio-economic groups. Recursive abstraction and mechanical techniques will be occupied for the qualitative analysis. Bar charts, Pie charts and Histograms will be used for statistical comparing of informations.Validity and Reliability19. Interviewer reenforcement and equal debriefing will be used as a method of set uping the cogency of qualitative analysis whereas the questionnaires distributed among the selected schools shall organize up the quantitative analysis.Ethical Considerations20. The research will be carried out in such a mode that confidentiality of all of the information is purely ensured. This will be done by nearing the direction of the selected schools. They will be taken into potency on the purpose and the principle behind the research. The participants of the survey will be provided full confidentiality by maintaini ng their names confidential. Furthermore, entree to the information of this survey will be provided to the participants of the survey merely.Summary of the Proposal21. The intent of this research is to analyze the kineticss of category room interaction in a primary degree category room. The survey was based on the premise that category room interaction in a primary degree category room is affected by multiple factors. These factors include socio-economic stand of the instructors, the ability/competency degree of the instructors and the socio-economic standing of the pupils. Among these the first two are the premier factors in finding the general degree of the category room interaction. The research theoretical account employed for informations assemblage and analysis is a mixture of both the quantitative and qualitative methods. For the intent of this survey, the population will be defined as all the instructors and pupils of the selected schools of primary degree educational sect ion of Pakistan enrolled. Sample size will be 900 that shall include 500 instructors and 400 pupils from 30 different private and public schools.Time Activity Chart22. Research shall be conducted for continuance of six months, with second from 01 October, 2011 boulder clay 01 April, 2012. Timelines for assorted activities of the research are as follows Datas AnalysisUndertakingTable 1 Time Activity ChartFinalization of participants30Time line ( Weeks )Result FinalizationReading trials, questionnaire readying272421183691215